There are three types of resources here: online articles,
published papers, and books
related to usability. The articles are written for a practitioner
audience and may be the best starting point for those who
are getting started in paper prototyping. The papers have
been published in the proceedings for various conferences.
Papers tend to be scientific in nature and are more suitable
for those interested in research.
Got a reference that should be included here? Email it
to Carolyn
Snyder.
[* Indicates that full text is available to ACM SIGCHI
members. Non-members may purchase access to individual papers
or a subscription to the ACM Portal to Computing Literature.]
Articles
Klee, M. 2000.
Five paper prototyping tips. Available from User Interface
Engineering.
* Rettig, M. 1994. Prototyping
for tiny fingers. Communications of the ACM (April).
37(4):21-27.
* Rudd, J., K. Stern, and S. Isensee.
1996. Low vs. high-fidelity prototyping debate. Interactions
January:76-85.
Scanlon, T. 1998.
Paper prototypes: still our favorite. Available from User
Interface Engineering.
Snyder,
C. 2001. Paper prototyping. In IBM developerWorks.
Snyder, C. 1996.
Using paper prototypes to manage risk. Available from User
Interface Engineering.
Papers
* Buchenau, M., and J. F. Suri.
2000. Experience prototyping. Symposium on designing
interactive systems.In Conference Proceedings on Designing
Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, and Techniques,
pp. 424-433. New York: ACM Press.
Catani,
M. B., and D. W. Biers. 1998. Usability evaluation and prototype
fidelity: Users and usability professionals. In Proceedings
of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual
Meeting, pp. 1331-1335.
Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
*
Chandler, C. D., G. Lo, and A.
K. Sinha. 2002. Multimodal theater: Extending low fidelity
paper prototyping to multimodal applications. In Extended
Abstracts: Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems: CHI '02, Student Poster (Minneapolis), pp. 874-875.New York: ACM Press.
*
Coble, J. M., J. Karat, and M.
G. Kahn. 1997. Maintaining a focus on user requirements
throughout the development of clinical workstation software.
In Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems: CHI '97 (Atlanta), pp. 170-177. New York: ACM
Press.
*
Grady,
H. M. 2000. Web site design: A case study in usability
testing using paper prototypes. In Proceedings of IEEE
Professional Communication Society International Professional
Communication Conference and Proceedings of the 18th Annual
ACM International Conference on Computer Documentation:
Technology & Teamwork (Cambridge,
MA), pp. 39-45. New York: IEEE.
*
Hakim,
J., and T. Spitzer. 2000. Effective prototyping for
usability approaches to prototyping. In Proceedings of
IEEE Professional Communication Society International Professional
Communication Conference and Proceedings of the 18th Annual
ACM International Conference on Computer Documentation:
Technology & Teamwork (Cambridge, MA), pp. 47-54. New
York: IEEE.
*
Hertzum, M., N. E. Jacobsen, and
R. Molich. 2002. Usability inspections by groups of
specialists: Perceived agreement in spite of disparate observations.
In Extended Abstracts: Proceedings of Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems: CHI '02 (Minneapolis),
pp. 662-663. New York: ACM Press.
*
Hong, J. I., F. C. Li, J. Lin,
and J. A. Landay. 2001. End-user perceptions of formal
and informal representations of Web sites. In Extended
Abstracts: Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems: CHI '01 (Seattle), pp. 385-386. New York: ACM Press.
Kavanaugh,
R., and J. Soety. 2000. Prototyping using Visio. Usability
Interface 7(1).
*
Kyng, M. 1994. Scandinavian design: Users in product
development. In Proceedings
of Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI
'94 (Boston), pp. 3-9. New York: ACM Press.
*
Lafreniere, D. 1996. CUTA:
A simple, practical, low-cost approach to task analysis.
Interactions Sept/Oct:35-39.
Leone,
P., D. Gillihan, and T. Rauch. 2000. Web-based prototyping
for user sessions: Medium-fidelity prototyping. In Proceedings
of the Society for Technical Communications 44th Annual
Conference, pp. 231-234. Toronto: STC.
McGrew, J. 2001. Shortening the human computer interface
design cycle: A parallel design process based on the genetic
algorithm. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics
Society 45th Annual Meeting (Minneapolis/St. Paul),
pp. 603-606. Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
*
Muller,
M. J., and R. Carr. 1996. Using the CARD and PICTIVE
participatory design methods for collaborative analysis.
In Field methods casebook for software design, eds D. Wixon and J. Ramey. New York: Wiley.
*
Muller, M. J., and S. Kuhn. 1993.Communications of the ACM Volume 36, Issue 6 (June 1993): Special issue on graphical user
interfaces: the next generation participatory
design, pp. 245-28. New York: ACM Press.
*
Muller, M. J. 2001.Layered participatory analysis: New developments in the
CARD technique. In Proceedings of Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems: CHI '01 (Seattle), pp.
90-97. New York: ACM Press.
Muller,
M. J., J. Hallewell
Haslwanter, and T. Dayton. 1997. Participatory practices
in the software lifecycle. In Handbook of human-computer interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
*
Nielsen, J., and T. K. Landauer.
1993. A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems. In Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems: INTERCHI '93 (Amsterdam), pp. 206-213. New
York: ACM Press.
*
Novick,
D. G. 2000. Testing documentation with "low-tech"
simulation. In Proceedings of IEEE Professional Communication
Society International Professional Communication Conference
and Proceedings of the 18th Annual ACM International Conference
on Computer Documentation: Technology & Teamwork (Cambridge, MA), pp. 55-68. New York: IEEE.
*
Ovaska, S., and K. J. Raiha. 1995.
Parallel design in the classroom. In Extended Abstracts:
Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems: CHI '95 (Denver), pp. 264-265. New York: ACM Press.
Säde, S., and K. Battarbee. 2001. The third dimension
in paper prototypes. In Design by people for people:
Essays on usability, ed R. Branaghan, pp. 203-212. Chicago:
UPA.
Säde,
S., M. Nieminen, and S. Riihiaho. 1998. Testing usability
with 3D paper prototypes—Case Halton system. Applied
Ergonomics 29(1):67-73.
*
Schumann, J., T. Strothotte, S.
Laser, and A. Raab. 1996. Assessing the effect of non-photorealistic
rendered images in CAN. In Proceedings of Conference
on Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI '96 (Vancouver), pp. 35-41. New York: ACM Press.
* Spool, J., and W. Schroeder. 2001.
Testing websites: Five users is nowhere near enough. In
Extended Abstracts: Proceedings of Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems: CHI '01 (Seattle),
pp. 285-286. New York: ACM Press.
Tullis, T. S. 1990. High-fidelity prototyping throughout
the design process. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics
Society 34th Annual Meeting, p. 266. Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
Uceta,
F. A, M. A. Dixon, and M. L. Resnick. 1998. Adding interactivity
to paper prototypes. In Proceedings of the Human Factors
Society 42nd Annual Meeting (Chicago), pp. 506-511. Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
Virzi,
R. A. 1989. What can you learn from a low-fidelity prototype?
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
33rd Annual Meeting (Atlanta), pp. 224-228. Santa
Monica, CA: HFES.
*
Virzi,
R. A. 1992. Refining the test phase of usability evaluation:
How many subjects is enough? In Proceedings of the Human
Factors and Ergonomics Society 36th Annual Meeting, pp.
457-468. Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
*
Virzi, R. A., J. L. Sokolov, and
D. Karis. 1996. Usability problem identification using
both low- and hi-fidelity prototypes. In Proceedings
of Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI
'96 (Vancouver), pp. 236-243. New York: ACM Press.
Wiklund, M. E, C. W. Thurrott, and J. S. Dumas. 1992. Does
the fidelity of software prototypes affect the perception
of usability? In Proceedings of the Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society 36th Annual Meeting, pp. 399-403.
Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
*
Wilson, S., and P. Johnson. 1995.
Empowering users in a task-based approach to design. In Conference Proceedings on Designing Interactive Systems:
Processes, Practices, and Techniques, pp. 25-31. New York: ACM Press.
Books
Barnum,
C. M. 2002. Usability testing and research. New
York: Pearson Education.
Beyer,
H., and K. Holtzblatt. 1998. Contextual design.
San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Donoghue,
K. 2002. Built for use.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Dumas,
J., and J. C. Redish. 1999. A practical guide to
usability testing, rev ed. Portland,
OR: Intellect.
Hackos,
J. T., and J. C. Redish. 1998. User and task analysis
for interface design.
New York: Wiley.
Landauer, T.
K. 1995.
The trouble with computers: Usefulness, usability,
and productivity.
Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Mayhew,
D. 1999. The usability engineering lifecycle: A practitioner's
handbook for user interface design. San
Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Nielsen,
J. 1994. Usability engineering. San
Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Nielsen,
J., R. Molich, C. Snyder, and S. Farrell. 2001. E-commerce
user experience.
Fremont, CA: Nielsen Norman Group.
Norman,
D. A. 2002. The design of everyday things. New York:
Basic Books.
Preece,
J., H. Rogers, and H. Sharp. 2002. Interaction design:
Beyond human-computer interaction.
New York: Wiley.
Rosson, M. B., and J. M. Carroll. 2002.
Usability engineering: Scenario-based development
of human-computer interaction.
San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Rubin,
J. 1994. Handbook of usability testing: How to plan,
design, and conduct effective tests. New
York: Wiley.
Schrage,
M. 1999. Serious play: How the world's best companies
simulate to innovate.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Schuler,
D., and A. Namioka (eds). 1993. Participatory design:
Principles and practices. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Edbaum
Associates.
Spool,
J. M., T. Scanlon, W. Schroeder, C. Snyder, and T. DeAngelo.
1999. Web site usability: A designer's guide. San
Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Weiss,
S. 2002. Handheld usability. New York: John Wiley
& Sons.
